[QUOTE info=aflunky,October 23, 2007 @ 4:11 PM]
Scientific approaches to the meaning of life
The empirical method of science has shed light on
questions related to the meaning of life. Five
such questions are described below.
What is the origin of life?
The question "What is the origin of life?" is
addressed in the sciences in the areas of
abiogenesis (for the origins of biological life)
and cosmogeny (for the origins of the universe).
Both of these areas are quite hypothetical,
cosmogeny because no existing physical model can
accurately describe the very early universe (the
instant of the Big Bang), and abiogenesis because
the environment of the young earth is not known,
and because the conditions and chemical processes
that may have taken billions of years to produce
life cannot (as of yet) be reproduced in a
laboratory.Nevertheless, biologists think an
early protein replicator was formed by the
gradual build up of amino acids in the oceans,
and then proceeded to dominate the primeval soup,
occasionally mutating into a more (or less)
successful form.[citation needed] Eventually a primitive cell was
formed, and life continued to evolve by the
mechanisms of mutation and natural selection.
Based on these or similar theories, some
philosophers[attribution needed] say that because life was entirely
coincidental, one cannot expect life to have any
meaning at all, other than its own
self-perpetuation — reproduction.
What is the nature of life?
Scientists in the biological and medical fields
have studied the human body to acquire an
understanding of the nature of human life. Near
the end of the 20th century, equipped with
insights from the gene-centered view of
evolution, some biologists suggested that insofar
as there may be a primary function to life, it is
the survival of genes; following this approach,
success isn't measured in terms of the survival
of species, but one level deeper, in terms of the
successful replication of genes.[citation needed]
What is valuable in life?
Science may not be able to tell us what is most
valuable in life in a philosophical sense, but
some studies bear on related questions:
Researchers in "positive psychology" study
factors that lead to life satisfaction (and
before them less rigorously in Humanistic
Psychology), in Social psychology factors that
lead to infants thriving or failing to thrive,
and in other areas of psychology questions of
motivation, preference, and what people value;
Economists have learned a great deal about what
is valued in the marketplace; and sociology
examines value at a social level using
theoretical constructs such as value theory,
norms, anomie, etc.
What is the purpose of, or in, (one's) life?"
Natural scientists look for the purpose of life
within the structure and function of life itself.
Analysis of teleology based on science
The "debunking" of teleology is said to have
coincided with or resulted from advances in
biological knowledge such as the publication of
Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (i.e.
Natural selection).
It is not unlikely however, that it was thought
long before that teleology (perceived meaning or
purpose) is an illusion that has no bearing on
reality and that ultimately there is no objective
purpose to anything. Best-selling author and
evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins puts
forward his explanation in his Discovery Science
video 'The Big Question: Why are we here?'.
Philosophy of the meaning of life
While scientific approaches to the meaning of
life aim to describe empirical facts about human
existence, philosophers are usually more
concerned about the relationship between ideas.
For example, philosophers have considered such
questions as: "Is the question 'What is the
meaning of life?' a meaningful question?"; "What
does the question 'What is the meaning of life?'
mean?"; and "If there are no objective values,
then is life meaningless?" Some philosophical
disciplines have also aimed to develop an
understanding of life that explains, regardless
of how we came to be here, what we should do now
that we are here (such as humanism, which
presents a code of conduct - see the ethics of
humanism explained below).
Value as meaning
Theories of value bear on the question of the
meaning of life. Philosophers such as Socrates,
Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Spinoza, and many
others had views about what sort of life was best
(and hence most meaningful).[citation needed] Aristotle, for
example, believed that the pursuit of happiness
was the Highest Good and that such is achievable
through our uniquely human capacity to reason.
Existentialist views of the meaning of life
Main article: Existentialism
Arthur Schopenhauer offered a bleak answer to
"what is the meaning of life?" by determining
one's life as a reflection of one's will and the
will (and thus life) as being an aimless,
irrational, and painful drive. He saw salvation,
deliverance, or escape from suffering in
aesthetic contemplation, sympathy for others, and
asceticism.Søren Kierkegaard invented the term
"leap of faith" and argued that life is full of
absurdity and the individual must make his or her
own values in an indifferent world. For
Kierkegaard, an individual can have a meaningful
life (or at least one free of despair) if the
individual relates the self in an unconditional
commitment to something finite, and devotes his
or her life to the commitment despite the
inherent vulnerability of doing so.
Humanist views of the meaning of life
Main article: Humanism
According to humanism the human race came to be
by reproducing in a progression of unguided
evolution as an integral part of nature, which is
self-existing. Knowledge does not come from
supernatural sources, rather it flows from human
observation, experimentation, and rational
analysis preferably utilizing the scientific
method: the nature of the universe is what we
discern it to be. As are "values and realities",
which are determined "by means of intelligent
inquiry" and "are derived from human need and
interest as tested by experience", that is, by
critical intelligence. "As far as we know, the
total personality is [a function] of the biological organism
transacting in a social and cultural context."
The purpose of human life
Human purpose is determined by humans, completely
without supernatural influence; it is human
personality (in the broadest sense) that is the
purpose of a human's life, and this humanism
seeks to develop and fulfill: "Humanism affirms
our ability and responsibility to lead ethical
lives of personal fulfillment that aspire to the
greater good of humanity."
Enlightened self-interest and the common good
See also: enlightened self-interest and
common good
The most significant thing in life (the very
focus of humanism) is the human being, and by
extension, the human race and the environment in
which we live. The happiness of the individual is
inextricably linked to the well-being of humanity
as a whole, in part because we are social animals
which find meaning in relationships, and because
cultural progress benefits everybody who lives in
that culture.
When the world improves, life in general
improves, so, while the individual desires to
live well and fully, humanists feel it is
important to do so in a way that will enhance the
well being of all. While the evolution of the
human species is still (for the most part) a
function of nature, the evolution of humanity is
in our hands and it is our responsibility to
progress it toward its highest ideals. In the
same way, humanism itself is evolving, because
humanists recognize that values and ideals, and
therefore the meaning of life, are subject to
change as our understanding improves.
Humanist doctrines and life stance
Main article: Humanist (life stance)
The original doctrine of humanism is set forth in
the Humanist Manifesto and has been revised and
refined in A Secular Humanist Declaration, the
Humanist Manifesto II, and the Humanist Manifesto
III (in which humanism is referred to as a life
stance).
Theistic beliefs about the meaning of life
Main articles: Religion and Religious humanism
Relationship to God
Many people who believe in a personal God would
agree that it is God "in whom we live and move
and have our being" (Acts 17:2

. Although belief
is also based on knowing God "through the things
he has made," the decision to believe in such an
authority is called the "leap of faith".
What is the purpose in one's life?
An example of how religion sets purpose can be
found in the biblical story of creation in the
Old Testament of the Bible (Genesis 1:2

, in which
God orders Man to "Be fruitful, and multiply;
fill the earth, and subdue it". This indicates
that the propagation of the human race, the care
and population of the earth, and the control of
the earth are the first three commandments God
has set for man.
Another Biblical example is given in Micah 6:8,
which states "He has showed you, O man, what is
good. And what does the LORD require of you? To
act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly
with your God."
Spiritual and mystical views of the meaning of
life
Spirituality Portal
The Book of Light presents the nature of God and
the purpose of creation. According to Michael
Sharp, God is consciousness and the purpose of
creation is to have fun (alleviate boredom).
Creation exists "as a dream inside the mind of
God" and we are all Sparks of the One Creator
Consciousness.
Mystical views
The view of mysticism varies widely according to
how each speaker describes it. In general the
view is broadly that life is a happening, an
unfolding. There is no duality, it is a nondual
worldview, in which subject and object are the
same, the sense of doer-ship is illusionary. This
view is central to Buddhism, and is also found in
certain non-dual sects of Hinduism. To become
enlightened as to the nature and oneness of the
universe
Popular beliefs of the purpose of life
"What is the meaning of life?" is a question many
people ask themselves at some point during their
lives, most in the context "What is the purpose
of life?" Here are some of the life goals people
choose, and some of their beliefs on what the
purpose of life is:
...to survive
* ...to survive, that is, to live as long as
possible, including pursuit of indefinite
lifespan (the closest thing to immortality that
is theoretically possible) through scientific
means (see life extension)
* ...to evolve
* ...to replicate, "the dream of a bacteria
is to become two bacteria," since DNA replication
has a mutation rate, this results in evolution.
"The meaning of life is whatever you want it to
be" - Nic Chappell
...to succeed
* ...to seek happiness
to end suffering, to create equality, to
challenge oppression, to distribute wealth, be
generous, to contribute to a community, to help
others, be creative and have fun. And to be a
true authentic human being and accept and forgive
human flaws.